A les darreries de 1892, quan Cuba era encara una colònia espanyola, el govern de Madrid destinà com a governador de l’illa caribenya, al capità general Valeriano Weyler i Nicolau, investit d’amplis poders militars i civils per a intentar sufocar l’aixecament del poble cubà des dels els seus inicis, cosa que no arribà a aconseguir malgrat les mesures repressores emprades amb tal finalitat.
Ell fou l’encarregat d’implementar la política de reconcentració dissenyada pels seus predecessors en el càrrec. Per mitjà d’un bàndol militar publicat el 21 d’octubre de 1896, disposà la reconcentració de tota la població rural de la província de Pinar del Rio en els pobles amb guarnició militar de tropes espanyoles, mesura que més endavant feu extensiva a la resta del territori.
Es calcula que tal mesura tingué per al poble cubà un cost en vides de més de 200.000 persones civils, és a dir, no combatents. Tenia, com a objectiu, impedir a la població rural cooperar amb els insurrectes, encara que comportés l’extermini per la fam o per malalties. Mancaven queviures i medicaments i era insalubre l’aigua que bevien els confinats on eren reclosos.
L’historiador Raúl Izquierdo Canosa, autor de valuoses investigacions sobre aquesta etapa de lluita del poble cubà, relata: Quan els difícils dies de 1897 l’alcalde de Guines visità Weyler per a exposar-li les terribles condicions en què es trobaven els reconcentrats en aquella vila i sol·licitar-li algunes racions per a impedir que continuessin morint de fam, aquest responguè: « ¿Dice usted que los reconcentrados mueren de hambre?. Pues precisamente para eso hice la reconcentración».
El 30 de març de 1898, el governador general que succeí a Weyler, Ramon Blanco Erenas, dictà un nou bàndol militar que derogà els que establiren la reconcentracció. L’objectiu era suavitzar la situació, decisió que no serví per a calmar les ànsies independentistes, però sí per a aturar la mortaldat de cubans. Tutelats pels Estats Units, Cuba assolí la independència en el 1899.
Em demano si tants inútils vessaments de sang, els d’aleshores, els d’ara i els de sempre, s’haguessin pogut evitar. Crec que hem progressat molt en tecnologia, però ben poc en la forma de pensar i d’actuar. Per bé que la humanitat al llarg de la història ha pogut gaudir de grans filòsofs, això no s’ha traduït, al meu parer, en una millora substancial del pensament humà. En part, som encara l’home i la dona de les cavernes.
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